ACI – American Concrete Institute
Admixture – An ingredient added to the core
ingredients of concrete to change its properties. Examples include
water repellent, coloring, and agents to retard or hasten setting
time.
Aggregate – A granular material that is
used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete
or mortar. Examples include sand, gravel and crushed stone.
Aggregate, Lightweight – An aggregate with
a dray, loose weight maximum of 70 lbs per cubic foot (pcf).
Aerated Concrete – Extra workable concrete
that is protected against freeze-thaw damage. Aeration is achieved
by mixing the concrete with air-entraining additives.
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
Allowable Load – The maximum static load
that should be applied on an anchor.
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
ASTM – American Society for Testing and
Materials
Base Material – The material that an anchor
and load are being applied to. Common base materials include concrete,
substrates that have the properties of concrete, brick, tile and
stone.
Brick – A solid masonry unit of clay or
shale, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and burned
or fired in a kiln that may have cores or cells comprising of less
than 25 % of the cross sectional area.
Cast-In-Place Anchor – An anchor that is
cast directly into cement rather than drilled in after the concrete
is set.
Combined Load – A load that apply stress
with the properties of both tension and shear loads.
Concrete – A mixture of portland cement
and any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, course aggregate
and water. The approximate weight of cement is 150 pcf.
Concrete Block – A hollow concrete masonry
unit (CMU) made from portland cement, water and aggregates.
Concrete Brick – A solid concrete masonry
unit (CMU) made from portland cement, water and aggregates.
Concrete Compressive Strength (f’C) –
The pounds per square inch that categorize a base material’s
compressive load carrying capacity.
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) – The term to
describe either a solid or hollow masonry unit.
Core Drill – The term used to describe the
process of using a special drill attachment to create a smooth hole
in any base material.
Creep – Movement under a sustained load
over time.
Drop-In Anchor – An anchor that is dropped,
rather than set, into concrete. Drop-in anchors are internally threaded
to accept a bolt or threaded rod.
Edge Distance --
Edge Distance (C) – The distance
between the centerline of an anchor and the free edge of the base
material.
Critical Edge Distance (Ccr) – The minimum
distance at which the allowable load capacity for an anchor holds
true.
Minimum Edge Distance (Cmin) – The minimum
distance from the free edge of the base material that anchors
are tested.
Embedment Depth – The distance from the
surface of the base material to the installed end of the anchor.
Embedment depth is determined prior to installation of the anchor.
Expansion Anchor – A category of mechanical
anchors that is placed into the base material. The anchor expands
inside the base material during installation and engages the sides
of the base material in order to create shear and/or tension resistance.
Expansion Joint – A control joint in the
concrete designed to allow for concrete movement.
Friction Anchor – A category of anchors
that creates friction within the base material. The friction created
determines load resistance.
Green Concrete – Concrete before it is completely
set.
Grout – A mixture of cementious material
and aggregate that has enough water added to make give it pouring
consistency. The addition of water does not segregate the constituents.
Grouted Masonry – Masonry in which the hollow
core is completely filled with grout.
Grouted Anchor – An anchor that is held
in the base material with grout.
Lightweight Concrete – Concrete, not exceeding
a weight of 115 pcf, that is composed of a light weight aggregate.
LVDT, Linear Variable Displacement Transducer –
A device that creates fine movements to displace an anchor under
a test load.
Masonry – Base materials bonded with mortar
to form a structure.
Mercaptan – A curing agent used in epoxy.
Mortar – The mixture of aggregates used
to bond masonry units.
Oblique Load – Same as combination load.
A load that apply stress with the properties of both tension and
shear loads.
Portland Cement – Hydraulic cement consisting of finely pulverized
compounds of silica, lime, and alumina.
Post-Tension – A method of pre-stressing
in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.
Precast Concrete – Concrete that is made
off site or on site, but that is first formed and then moved into
its final place within the structure.
Prestressed Concrete – Structural concrete
in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential
tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
Pretensioning -- A method of pre-stressing in
which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed.
Rebar – Reinforcing steel that is deformed
and whose surface contains ridges that give it better gripping within
concrete or adhesive material.
Reinforced Masonry – Masonry units that
is bonded to reinforcing steel with mortar or grout.
Set Time – The amount of time it takes for
an adhesive anchor to reach its maximum load strength.
Shear Cone – An anchor failure in which
the concrete fracture appears in a cone shape. Shear cone failure
is usually the result of a tension load.
Shear Load – A load applied perpendicular
to the axis of an anchor.
Shotcrete (Gunite) – Pneumatically projected
concrete or mortar.
Sleeve Anchor – A stud type anchor with
a full-length expansion mechanism made from a sheet of metal.
Slump – A measure of consistency of concrete
according to a strict standard ASTM C143 procedure. Slump is the
sag or a truncated cone shape of free standing concrete.
Smooth Dowel – Steel with a smooth surface
that is used to tie new concrete to an existing slab.
Spacing
Spacing (S) – The distance between
the centerline of one anchor to the centerline of another.
Critical Spacing (SCR) – The minimum space
allowed between two anchors for load capacity to hold true.
Minimum Spacing (SMIN) – The minimum spacing
at which anchors are tested for recognition.
Tendon – A steel element used to pre-stress
concrete.
Tension Load – The load applied parallel
to the axis of anchor.
Torque – The measure of the force applied
to a member to produce rotational motion usually measured in foot-pounds.
Torque is determined by multiplying the applied force by the distance
from the pivot point to the point where the force is applied.
Ultimate Load – A load that when applied
to an anchor will result in failure.
Undercut Anchor – Anchor that develops its
load capacity by expanding into a void created by a secondary drilling
operation or the anchor itself.
Unreinforced Masonry (URM) – Masonry units
that do not contain reinforcing steel.
Wedge Anchor – A stud type anchor with a
limited length expansion mechanism and cone that creates and initial
friction fit and then is seated when the cone is drawn inside the
expansion mechanism.
Wythe – A continuous vertical section of
masonry one unit in thickness.